Call for papers

This presentation will employ a diverse range of data visualisations to demonstrate how natural resource conditions - such as land and energy - influence the physical development of cities, and how, once established, the urban spatial structure leads to varying patterns of resource use and relationships between city form, housing and mobility.

Pidgins and creoles come into being in situations of language contact, when speakers lacking a common language quickly have to create new languages out of diverse and often sparse linguistic raw material. For example, when Europeans started visiting the West African coast in the late 15th century, Africans and Europeans needed a common trade language. To fulfil this need, Pidgin Portuguese and later Pidgin English (and many other trade Pidgins) emerged.

In recent years linguists have become increasingly interested in ‘bad data’, i.e. early fragmentary data from audio or vernacular written sources (Hickey 2017, 2019), which can tell us something about how languages and their varieties developed previously and hence add to our knowledge of how language change works. From this perspective I will examine recordings of English speakers from the beginning of the twentieth century to show how British English gradually developed towards its present form.